{
 "version": "2026-10-20",
 "license": "Dimension sheets: CC BY 4.0. Standard and published-size files: CC BY 4.0. Xem Studio's own designs (files_license = Xem Studio Design License): free to use and sell things from, not to redistribute as files — https://xemstudio.com/license/. Other publishers' files: their own license, linked beside them.",
 "slug": "wig-endplates",
 "name": "Endplates on ground-effect wings",
 "kind": "standard",
 "category": "Aircraft design",
 "group": "Ground-effect design",
 "year": null,
 "question": "Why do WIG wings have endplates?",
 "tags": [
  "vehicle design",
  "ground-effect design",
  "rc design",
  "aerodynamics"
 ],
 "aliases": [
  "wig endplates",
  "ground effect endplates",
  "endplate wing",
  "wing end plates",
  "endplate aspect ratio",
  "wig wing tips",
  "ekranoplan endplates",
  "end plate floats wig"
 ],
 "overall_mm": {
  "length": null,
  "width": null,
  "height": null
 },
 "official_cad": false,
 "xem_status": "free-files",
 "les": false,
 "free_files": 1,
 "url": "https://xemstudio.com/objects/wig-endplates/",
 "sheet_txt": "https://xemstudio.com/objects/wig-endplates/sheet.txt",
 "sheet": {
  "basis": "Design rules and figures from the cited sources; example geometry by Xem Studio",
  "overall_mm": {
   "length": null,
   "width": null,
   "height": null
  },
  "notes": [
   "Endplates raise effective aspect ratio and stop air leaking from under the wing; smaller aspect ratios benefit more and most of the effect comes from the part below the wing (Rozhdestvensky).",
   "NASA found endplates below the chord plane raised L/D and CL for an AR 1 wing very close to the ground, though going from AR 1 to AR 2 would likely help more (NASA TN D-926). In extreme ground effect they can be tilted or retracted to tune stability (Rozhdestvensky).",
   "The file is a reference example built by Xem Studio from the numbers above. Sizes the sources do not fix are illustrative; scale the example to your own vehicle."
  ],
  "table": {
   "columns": [
    "parameter",
    "value or range",
    "source"
   ],
   "rows": [
    [
     "Most effective portion",
     "below the wing",
     "Rozhdestvensky 2006"
    ],
    [
     "Benefit vs AR",
     "larger at smaller AR",
     "Rozhdestvensky 2006; NASA TN D-926"
    ],
    [
     "Reference build",
     "span 300, chord 300 (AR 1), endplates 30",
     "computed"
    ]
   ]
  }
 },
 "sheet_text": "Endplates on ground-effect wings — dimension sheet\nSource: Xem Studio, https://xemstudio.com/objects/wig-endplates/  (sheet CC BY 4.0; files Xem Studio Design License, https://xemstudio.com/license/)\nBasis: Design rules and figures from the cited sources; example geometry by Xem Studio\nCatalog version: 2026-10-20\n\nSizes: see table below\n- Endplates raise effective aspect ratio and stop air leaking from under the wing; smaller aspect ratios benefit more and most of the effect comes from the part below the wing (Rozhdestvensky).\n- NASA found endplates below the chord plane raised L/D and CL for an AR 1 wing very close to the ground, though going from AR 1 to AR 2 would likely help more (NASA TN D-926). In extreme ground effect they can be tilted or retracted to tune stability (Rozhdestvensky).\n- The file is a reference example built by Xem Studio from the numbers above. Sizes the sources do not fix are illustrative; scale the example to your own vehicle.\n\nparameter  value or range  source\nMost effective portion  below the wing  Rozhdestvensky 2006\nBenefit vs AR  larger at smaller AR  Rozhdestvensky 2006; NASA TN D-926\nReference build  span 300, chord 300 (AR 1), endplates 30  computed\n\nFiles elsewhere (not hosted by Xem Studio; license as stated by the publisher):\n- Progress in Aerospace Sciences (K.V. Rozhdestvensky, 2006): Wing-in-ground effect vehicles (review) — web — Publisher's page; dimensions are facts — https://www.hassanhameed.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/wingingroundeffectvehicles-130120003005-phpapp01.pdf\n- NASA Langley (Fink & Lastinger): Aerodynamic Characteristics of Low-Aspect-Ratio Wings in Close Proximity to the Ground, NASA TN D-926 (1961) — web — Publisher's page; dimensions are facts — https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19980231058/downloads/19980231058.pdf\n\nFree files (Xem Studio Design License, Xem Studio; STEP + STL, 1 parts): https://xemstudio.com/files/hardware/wig-endplates/index.json\nAPI: https://xemstudio.com/api/geometry?object=wig-endplates\n",
 "sources": [
  {
   "publisher": "Progress in Aerospace Sciences (K.V. Rozhdestvensky, 2006)",
   "title": "Wing-in-ground effect vehicles (review)",
   "url": "https://www.hassanhameed.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/wingingroundeffectvehicles-130120003005-phpapp01.pdf",
   "formats": [
    "web"
   ],
   "license": "Publisher's page; dimensions are facts",
   "license_verified": true,
   "hosted": false
  },
  {
   "publisher": "NASA Langley (Fink & Lastinger)",
   "title": "Aerodynamic Characteristics of Low-Aspect-Ratio Wings in Close Proximity to the Ground, NASA TN D-926 (1961)",
   "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19980231058/downloads/19980231058.pdf",
   "formats": [
    "web"
   ],
   "license": "Publisher's page; dimensions are facts",
   "license_verified": true,
   "hosted": false
  }
 ],
 "xem": {
  "status": "free-files",
  "sheet_free": true,
  "mesh_price_usd": null,
  "step_price_usd": null,
  "tolerance_mm": null
 },
 "related": [
  "ground-effect-height-span-ratio",
  "ground-effect-height-chord-ratio",
  "lippisch-reverse-delta-wig",
  "ekranoplan-wing-tail-layout",
  "tandem-wig-configuration",
  "power-augmented-ram-par"
 ],
 "fits": [],
 "dimensions": "exact (nominal, no printing tolerance)",
 "dimension_rule": "All geometry on Xem Studio is exact (nominal, true size) with no printing tolerance. Where a part meets another part, the object lists its mating features (feature, exact size, what it mates with, fit class: press, slide, run, socket, clamp or designed). Apply your process's allowance to those features only; 'designed' gaps are part of the design and stay as drawn.",
 "mating": [],
 "faq": [
  {
   "q": "How deep should endplates go?",
   "a": "The part below the wing does most of the work (Rozhdestvensky)."
  }
 ],
 "files_license": {
  "name": "Xem Studio Design License",
  "holder": "Xem Studio",
  "url": "https://xemstudio.com/license/",
  "note": "Xem Studio's own design: free to use, print, modify and sell things made from it; not to be republished or redistributed as files."
 },
 "offers": [
  {
   "file": "wig-endplates-wing",
   "formats": [
    "step",
    "stl"
   ],
   "price_usd": 0,
   "license": "Xem Studio Design License",
   "step": "https://xemstudio.com/files/hardware/wig-endplates/wig-endplates-wing.step",
   "stl": "https://xemstudio.com/files/hardware/wig-endplates/wig-endplates-wing.stl",
   "note": "endplated wing: span 300, chord 300 mm, anhedral 0°, endplates 30 mm (scale to your craft)"
  }
 ],
 "markdown": "https://xemstudio.com/objects/wig-endplates/index.md"
}